Corn producers are enjoying unprecedented yields, and part of this success is due to the wide adoption of transgenic varieties (or “traits”), that offer a broad range of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance. Although the first transgenic corn was introduced and widely grown over a decade ago with Bt corn targeting the European corn borer, the last 5-7 years have presented an acceleration both in number and diversity of offerings, and in the combinations of traits. However, this does create some potential hazards for on-farm management. The spectre of resistance (by both insects and weeds) means that producers must keep up with changes to refuge structure and stacked trait combinations, with an eye towards the future. Dr. Krupke will present research that quantifies some of these risks with experiments using field populations of pest insects, that illustrate some of the pitfalls of the “one-stop shopping” approach to pest management.  This will include discussion of how weed problems can lead to insect problems, by highlighting the importance of managing volunteer corn in continuous and rotational systems. There will also be an examination of the different refuge options available now with an eye towards the future and the effects of these various strategies upon the target insects. The entire discussion will take place from the perspective of how the true stewards of these technologies – growers and consultants – can maximize the lifespans of these tools in the marketplace.